Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of prednisone chemical content in rheumatic herbs in Magelang Region

Riza Nur Afifah — 2025-04-30

Currently, there is a phenomenon that shows that many herbs consumed by the public contain medicinal chemicals (BKO). This study aims to identify the presence of BKO prednisone in rheumatic herbs and its levels. This study took five types of samples of rheumatic herbs in Magelang area with different brands, namely samples of herbs A, B, C, D and E, which are available in capsule and powder form. Identification of prednisone in rheumatic herbs was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method with silica gel GF254 as stationary phase and ethyl acetate: chloroform mixture (4:1) as mobile phase. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with a maximum wavelength of 238.5 nm. The rf value of prednisone standard 0.42 was obtained and quantitative analysis showed that the prednisone content in sample B in the first replication was 3.22%, in the second replication was 2.18%, in the third replication was 2.23%.

Physical characterization of paracetamol granule preparation using goroho banana starch as binder and disintegrant

Mutmainnah Mutmainnah — 2025-04-30

The research aims to formulate Goroho banana starch (GBS) as a binding and disintegrating agent in paracetamol (PCT) granule preparations. PCT granules were made using GBS as a binding agent in 3 concentrations of 6, 8, and 10%, respectively. PCT granules using GBS as a disintegrating agent were made with three concentrations of 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Paracetamol granules are made using the wet granulation method. Granules were evaluated using six parameters: flow rate, angle of repose, water content, bulk density, tapped density, and compressibility index. GBS as a binder showed good physical properties. F1 (6% GBS) showed a flow rate of 8.1 g/sec, an angle of repose of 22.9 degrees, a water content of 1.2%, and a compressibility index of 19.3%. F2 (8% GBS) shows a flow rate of 8.5 g/sec, an angle of repose of 18.5 degrees, a water content of 1.3%, and a compressibility index of 17.6%. F3 (10% GBS) shows a flow rate of 9.0 g/sec, an angle of repose of 21.5 degrees, a water content of 1.4%, and a compressibility index of 19.3%. 8% GBS showed the best physical properties as a binding agent for PCT granules. GBS as a disintegrating agent, shows excellent physical properties. F4 (10% GBS) shows a flow rate of 12.9 g/sec, an angle of repose of 17.0 degrees, a water content of 4.3%, and a compressibility index of 13.3%. F5 (15% GBS) shows a flow rate of 11.4 g/sec, an angle of repose of 18.0 degrees, a water content of 1.4%, and a compressibility index of 14.5%. F6 (20% GBS) shows a flow rate of 10.7 g/sec, an angle of repose of 23.0 degrees, a water content of 3.5%, and a compressibility index of 14.6%. 10% GBS showed the best physical properties as a disintegrants agent for PCT granules.

Evaluation of formula and antibacterial activity of spray preparation from combination of aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) and lime concentrate (Citrus aurantiifolia) as hand sanitizer

Eriska Agustin — 2025-04-30

Aloe vera plant (Aloe vera l.) has antioxidant activity and can be used as a moisturizer, especially on the inside of the leaves. Lime plant (Citrus aurantiifolia) has antibacterial activity, one of the compounds it contains is limonene. This study aims to evaluate the formula and antibacterial activity of a spray preparation combining aloe vera and lime concentrate as a Hand Sanitizer. The Hand Sanitizer spray formulation consists of four formulas with variations in the concentration of aloe vera and lime concentrate, namely F0 (0), F1 (30:20), F2 (25:25), and F3 (20:30). The evaluation carried out for 28 days includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, drying time, and antibacterial activity. The organoleptic and homogeneity test results showed that F1, F2, and F3 were in homogeneous liquid form, cloudy orange in color, and had a distinctive lime aroma. The pH test obtained a range of 3.75-5.79. The viscosity test obtained a viscosity range of 1.06-1.29 cps. The drying time test obtained a time range of 33-46 seconds. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that the highest inhibitory value was in formula F3 with values (14.5±0.2nm), followed by Formula F2 (11.5±0.45nm) and F1 (8.2±0.25nm). Based on statistical testing, it was concluded that there was an effect of each formula on antibacterial activity.

Formulasi serum antiaging nanopartikel emas dengan fraksi daun sirih hutan gambut Kalimantan (Piper aduncum)

Jenny Blessia Gerung — 2025-04-30

Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are reactive and unstable. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have an antioxidant reducing Au³⁺ to Au⁺ which can stabilize free radicals. This research aims to characterize AuNPs, formulate and evaluate AuNPs antiaging serum with sirih hutan leaves fraction and antioxidant activity test. The research method used was maceration, sirih hutan leaves were extracted using 96% ethanol, fractionation using n-hexane, biosynthesis of AuNPs, formulation, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The data analysis used One Way Anova test and post hoc Tukey (CI 95%). The research results showed that ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction were obtained at 132.5059 g and 18.3804 g respectively. Biosynthesis characterization of AuNPs have a particle size of 424.9 nm. Formulation and evaluation of AuNPs formulation were generally obtained according to SNI. The antioxidant activity of the formulation and vitamin C showed that the percentage of DPPH increased with increasing concentration, IC₅₀ values of the formulaion and vitamin C showed 35.21 ± 0.95; 17.95 ± 0.34 ppm respectively. Based on One Way Anova test, there was significant difference in each concentration in the percentage of DPPH (p<0.05). and the formulation and vitamin C were classified as very strong antioxidants (IC₅₀<50).

Kajian aktivitas antioksidan dan sitotoksik ekstrak etil asetat daun jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas)

Sudarman Rahman — 2025-04-30

Antioxidants are chemical substances that have the ability to protect body cells from damage caused by excessive oxidation reactions. One of the uses of antioxidants from natural materials is jarak pagar leaves (J. curcas). This study aims to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against shrimp larvae from ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas leaves. Ethyl acetate extract from J. curcas leaves was extracted using the soxhletation method. Phytochemical testing was carried out using the tube method, antioxidant testing using the DPPH method and cytotoxic using the BSLT method. The results of the research showed that J. curcas contained secondary metabolite compounds in the form of flavonoids and polyphenols, the antioxidant activity test of Ethyl acetate extract from J. curcas leaves and the comparison control (vitamin C) produced an IC₅₀ of 71,79±0.35 ppm and 8.78±0.21 ppm, respectively. The cytotoxic test of the ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas leaves contains active compounds that are toxic to the shrimp larvae with an LC₅₀ of 72.13 ppm (LC₅₀≤1000 ppm). The most effective concentration in free radicals scavenging is 160 ppm. Based on the results obtained, the ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas showed strong antioxidant activity and potential as an anticancer agent.

Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan sabun cair hidrosol kulit bawang sebagai antibakteri

Dian Ratna Rianti — 2025-04-30

Onion peels (shallots and garlic) can be developed into valuable products. One approach to utilizing onion peels is by processing them into hydrosol, which can be used in liquid soap formulations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of liquid soap derived from the hydrosol of onion peel waste. Onion peels was processed into hydrosol by water distillation method. Hydrosol was subjected to phytochemical screening and formulated into liquid soap dosage form. Soap was made into 3 formulas with different concentrations of hydrosol in formulas F1 (5%), F2 (7.5%), and F3 (10%). The liquid soap was evaluated for characteristics including organoleptic test, pH, foam height, viscosity, and antimicrobial activity. The results of the hydrosol phytochemical screening test showed the presence of saponins and alkaloids. The results of the liquid soap organoleptic test showed that F1, F2, and F3 gave a clear color, liquid shape, and aromatic odor. F1 liquid soap pH 6.51, F2 6.44 and F3 6.43; foam height 2.50 cm, 2.10 cm, 2.33 cm; and viscosity F1 316 m.Pa.s, F2 99.99 m.Pa.s and F3 99.99 m.Pa.s. The results of the antimicrobial test of negative control (base), F1, F2, and F3 produced a clear zone. The characteristics of the soap produced provide good organoleptics, pH and foam stability. Hydrosol concentration affects the viscosity produced. Onion peel liquid soap F3 exhibit the highest average diameters of the inhibition zones 10,02±0,49 mm, and is categorized as having strong antimicrobial properties.

Post-harvest process influences antibacterial activity of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Berkah Mutiara — 2025-04-30

Butterfly pea is a plant with high potential for development as an antimicrobial agent. However, its antimicrobial potential is closely related to its phytochemical profile, which can be influenced by post-harvest processing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of post-harvest processing on the antibacterial activity of butterfly pea flowers. Butterfly pea flower was prepared using three different methods: fresh, aerobic fermentation, and sun-dried. The samples were extracted by maceration using 96% methanol for 1 day with 3 re-extraction process. Phytochemical screening was conducted using colorimetric method with specific reagents for certain groups. Antimicrobial potential was tested using the well diffusion method on NA media in five different concentrations of extract. Extraction results showed that the three samples produced different extract yields, with sun-dried butterfly pea flower extract giving the highest yield (18%), followed by fresh extract (8%), and aerobic fermentation (0.8%). Phytochemical screening revealed that all three butterfly pea flower samples did not contain quinones and saponins. Additionally, alkaloids were not detected in the fermented extract. Antibacterial activity of the three butterfly pea flower extracts showed significantly different zone of inhibition, with the sun-dried extract consistently providing the largest zone of inhibition compared to fresh and fermented extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with average inhibition zones of 8.67 - 11.17 ± 0.88 mm and 4.25 - 10.5 ± 1.64 mm, respectively. It can be concluded that the post-harvest processing affects the antibacterial activity of butterfly pea flowers.

Utilization of dried butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) as a source of natural antioxidants: determination of total flavonoid content and activity test with dpph method

Yulius Evan Christian Evan — 2025-04-30

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a herbaceous plant known for its high content of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, which serve as natural antioxidants. Commonly used in traditional medicine and functional foods, this flower's ability to neutralize free radicals makes it a valuable natural resource. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of dried butterfly pea flowers by determining their total flavonoid content and assessing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. A key novelty of this research lies in the use of controlled oven drying at 50°C, which differs from previous studies employing sunlight drying. This method preserved flavonoids more effectively, resulting in a higher flavonoid content (40.60 mg/100 mg extract) compared to prior reports. Phytochemical screening also detected the presence of saponins and tannins, broadening the understanding of its bioactive profile. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method, yielding an IC50 value of 36.06 ppm, indicating very strong activity. Comparatively, vitamin C as a positive control showed an IC50 value of 2.13 ppm. These findings underscore the advantages of optimized drying and extraction methods, highlighting dried butterfly pea flowers as a promising source of natural antioxidants for applications in functional foods and health products.

Review artikel: validasi metode analisis kadar parasetamol dalam sediaan obat menggunakan berbagai instrumen

Anisa Zanuba — 2025-04-30

Paracetamol is one of the analgesic-antipyretic drugs that has been widely used by the public as a first-line treatment. The level of paracetamol in each preparation must comply with the standards set in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia so that it is necessary to determine the level. This study aims to evaluate the validation of the analysis method for paracetamol levels in various drug preparations using three main instruments: infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Validation was carried out based on the parameters of accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results showed that the three instruments met the validation requirements set by the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, with FTIR showing the best precision (RSD 0.03%), UV-Vis having the highest accuracy (% recovery 106.95%), and HPLC having the highest sensitivity with a LOD value of 0.76 µg/mL. For the levels of paracetamol with various dosage forms and instruments, the average results obtained meet the requirements, namely between 90%-110%. Overall, these methods are effective for the analysis of paracetamol levels, providing accurate and consistent results according to pharmacopoeial standards. Based on the review results, the instrument that mostly meets all the requirements for validation of the analysis method is HPLC.

Artikel review : validasi metode penentuan kadar asam retinoat pada sediaan kosmetik dalam bentuk krim dengan menggunakan berbagai instrumen

Steve Pratama Tanjaya — 2025-04-30

Whitening cream cosmetics are widely used to treat skin and are often employed to lighten the complexion of skin and reduce marking. Unfortunately, these products mostly contain hazardous ingredients like retinoic acid, effective yet capable of causing harm with its side effects in terms of skin inflammation, desiccation, and teratogenicity. This review will discuss the evaluation and comparison of the validity of the analytic method in the determination of retinoic acid in cosmetic cream formulations with different instruments; High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector, and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry methods were discussed. The conducted review used a literature review method wherein various national and international relevant studies of these analytic techniques had been analyzed. Results indicate that HPLC, especially with UV detection, presents the highest accuracy, precision, and sensitivity for quantifying retinoic acid, although it requires a longer analysis time. UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, on the other hand, though less sensitive, offers advantages in terms of simplicity, cost, and shorter duration of the analysis. Among the methods reviewed here, HPLC provides comprehensive validation parameters, demonstrating a linearity of 0.9999, an RSD of 0.99%, an accuracy of 114.3%, an LOD of 0.0165 ppm, and an LOQ of 0.0495 ppm.. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety and regulatory compliance of cosmetic products, the validation of the analytical methodologies for the detection of retinoic acid becomes indispensable, and hence the selection of the most optimal technique is highly relevant.